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For a collision of the “any two files in this giant bucket will do” sort, you hit the 50:50 chance of success at just slightly more than the square root of the number of possible hashes, and √2 X = 2 X/2 . So, for a 128-bit hash such as MD5, you’d expect, on average, to hash about 2 127 blocks to match a specific output value, and 2 64 blocks to find any pair of colliding inputs.