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He observed that chimpanzees did not use trial and error to solve problems such as retrieving bananas hung out of reach. Instead, they behaved in a manner that was "unwaveringly purposeful," spontaneously placing boxes so that they could climb to reach the fruit. [88] Modern research has identified similar behavior in animals usually thought of as much less intelligent, if appropriate pre-training is given. [89] Causal reasoning has also been observed...